Учебное пособие по юридическому английскому: лексический аспект
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| 1 Е.А. Лебедева EXPAND YOUR LEGAL VOCABULARY Учебное пособие по юридическому английскому: лексический аспект 2 ББК Автор: Лебедева Е.А., доцент кафедры языкознания и иностранных языков Ростовского филиала ФГБОУВПО «Российской академии правосудия», кандидат филологических наук, доцент Рецензенты: Expand Your Legal Vocabulary: Учебное пособие по юридическому английскому: лексический аспект Пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция» не ниже уровней Intermediate и Upper-Intermediate. Направлено на закрепление и/или повторение лексического материала по темам, вызывающим наибольшую ложность при изучении юридического английского: Company Law, Contract Law, Sale of Goods. ISBN 3 ^ business structure организационно-правовая форма ведения бизнеса legal person / artificial person / juristic person / juridical person / legal entity юридическое лицо individual / natural person / physical person / private person физическое лицо absorb поглощать acquire приобретать allotment of new shares выпуск новых акций annual general meeting (^ . annual meeting of the shareholders) ежегодное собрание акционеров Articles of association (Am. bylaws / bye-laws) регламент корпорации (излагающий внутренние правила функционирования компании) assets имущество; фонды; активы at par value по номинальной стоимости auditor аудитор / аудиторская компания authorized share capital уставной акционерный капитал balance sheet баланс / балансовый отчет / балансовая ведомость be / become / go bankrupt обанкротиться board of directors совет директоров capitalization капитализация CEO (chief executive officer) главный / исполнительный директор certificate of incorporation свидетельство о регистрации company formation создание / образование / учреждение компании Companies House ~ Companies Registration Office ~ Registrar of companies регистрационный орган company secretary управляющий делами компании compulsory winding-up / liquidation принудительная ликвидация consolidation слияние constitutional documents учредительные документы control share acquisition приобретение контрольного пакета акций dividends дивиденды extraordinary general meetings (Am. special meetings of the shareholders) внеочередное собрание friendly takeover дружественное поглощение (поглощение одной компании другой компанией на взаимовыгодной 4 основе для обеих компаний) general partner ~ участник полного товарищества / полный товарищ general partnership ~ полное товарищество hostile takeover рейдерский захват issued share capital выпущенный акционерный капитал jointly liable нести совместную / коллективную ответственность joint and several liability солидарная ответственность keep minutes вести протокол limited liability ограниченная ответственность Limited Liability Company (LLC) ~ Общество с ограниченной ответственностью (ООО) limited partner ~ коммандитист / участник-вкладчик Limited Partnership (LP) ~ товарищество на вере / коммандитное товарищество liquidation ликвидация liquidator ликвидатор loan capital / borrowed capital заемный капитал managing director управляющий; главный менеджер; директор-распорядитель; memorandum of association (Am. Articles of incorporation) меморандум, устав юридического лица, устав акционерного общества (документ, определяющий внешние отношения компании и представляемый к регистрации) merger присоединение / поглощение ordinary share / common stock обыкновенная / простая акция partnership agreement договор о совместной деятельности personal liability личная / персональная ответственность pre-emption rights (Am. preemptive rights) преимущественное право покупки preference share / preferred stock привилегированная акция private limited company (Ltd) ~ закрытое акционерное общество profit-and-loss account (Am. income statement) отчет о прибылях и убытках, счет прибылей и убытков, отчет о доходах и расходах proxy заместитель; уполномоченный Public Limited Company (PLC) ~ открытое акционерное общество raise capital увеличивать капитал registered office официальный адрес компании return налоговая декларация 5 returns отчетные данные или итоги операций за год / годовой отчет rights issue эмиссия прав several liability / be severally liable индивидуальная ответственность / нести индивидуальную ответственность shareholder акционер sole proprietor = sole trader индивидуальный предприниматель statutory books предписанные законом и обязательные для каждой компании документы subscriber подписчик на ценные бумаги target company компания-объект поглощения, приобретаемая компания (компания, которая является объектом попытки поглощения со стороны другой компании) voluntary winding-up добровольная ликвидация (юридическая процедура прекращения деятельности компании по ее просьбе в связи со слиянием, неплатежеспособностью и другими причинами) 1. Fill the table. Translate the words. verb noun (person / object) noun (abstract) adjective acquire registration liquidator authorized issuer consolidate absorption --------- allotment guarantee -------- wound 6 obligor capitalize management subscribed bankrupt ^ acquire – authorized – issued – guarantee – absorb – allotment – winding-up – liquidation – acquiring – 3. Complete sentences with the first part of an expression taken from the first box, and the second part taken from the second box. annual… hostile… pre-emption… balance… ordinary… personal… limited… jointly… several… sleeping… limited… friendly… general… preference… …liable …rights …sheet …general meeting …share (x2) …partner (x3) …takeover (x2) …liability (x3) 1. Company’s _________________ of stockholders is rescheduled from March 15 to April 20. 2. _______________ provides useful information for assessing the financial stability of a company. 7 3. Owners of LLC have _______________ for the debts and actions of the business. 4. If you have __________________ for a debt, the creditor can resort to property you own to satisfy the debt. 5. If parties are __________________, then they are each liable up to the full amount of the relevant obligation, so if one party dies, disappears or is declared bankrupt, the other remains fully liable. 6. _________________ is liability which is distinct and separate from the liability of others. 7. _________________ has a share in the business but does not work in it. 8. ________________, or a nominal partner does not participate in the management of the business and has limited personal liability for the business's debts. 9. ___________, also called full partner, has control of the business and has unlimited personal liability for the business's debts. 10. _______________________ is acquisition of a company despite the disapproval of, or open resistance from, target company’s management or its board of directors. 11. __________________________ is acquiring one firm by another where the owners of both businesses agree to the terms of the transaction. 12. _____________________ is a privilege stipulated in articles of association, or bylaws of a firm under which the current shareholders, or stockholders are given the first option to buy a new issued ________________________, or common stocks. 13. Holders of ________________ receive fixed dividends, have no voting rights and are paid first if the company goes into liquidation. 8 ^ 1. bylaws a. the statement of the assets and the liabilities of a business at a particular time 2. Articles of incorporation b. a financial obligation for which an individual is responsible and which may be satisfied out of his / her assets. 3. income statement c. the legal address of a business that is entered in the official register, and to which all official communication is addressed 4. rights issue d. shows the revenues (доход), expenses, and income of a corporation over some period of time 5. registered address e. capital held by a business that has been borrowed, through a long-term loan or sale of stock shares, and must be repaid within a stipulated period 6. balance sheet f. gathering of the stockholders and directors for the presentation and approval of the audited accounts, election of directors, and appointment of auditors for the new accounting term, required by law to be held each calendar year 7. personal liability g. a shareholders’ meeting that is called to deal with an urgent matter, such as 9 the replacement of an executive or perhaps some legal trouble with the company 8. AGM h. a party that agrees to buy a new issue of a share before it is actually issued 9. loan capital i. new share issue which is offered to existing shareholders at a specified (usually discounted) price 10. subscriber j. rules approved by stockholders which govern the conduct of a business and typically include rules concerning the election of directors, selection of auditors, and amendment of existing bylaws 11. EGM k. basic charter of a corporation which sets out the name, basic purpose, incorporators, amount and types of stock which may be issued, and any special characteristics ; it must be filed with an appropriate government agency to be given legal recognition as a corporation ^ 1. Soul perpetrator manages and controls the affairs of the business, bears its risks and losses, and takes the profits and benefits. 2. Authorizing share capital can be changed later with shareholders' approval. 3. It was a slow inquisition of the controlling interest in a business by inquiring its shares in the stock market over a period of time. 10 4. Being severely liable means that you agree to certain obligations individually, but do not share responsibility for the obligations of other members. 5. The purpose of keeping records is to provide a record of the organization's actions, for absent members and future reference. 6. The company secretary is to see that the statutory conditions regarding the allocation of shares are fulfilled. 7. A hostel takeover involves the acquired company buying stock directly from sharekeepers. 8. If a company changes its registry address, Companies House must be immediately notified by the submission of the appropriate forms. 9. Sheet balance shows what asset and liabilities a company has, and how the business is funded. 10. Merger is the absorbency of a lesser business into a greater one. ^ 1. Some shareholders are unhappy with the running of business. 2. This matter needs considering by extraordinary general meeting. 3. Loan capital may be obtained from a bank or finance company as long-term loans. 4. In contrast to a balance sheet, an income statement reflects what happened over a month, quarter, or year. 5. Ordinary share provides voting rights, and entitles the holder to a share of the company's success through dividends. 6. Stockholders have 21 days in which to exercise their pre-emption rights. 7. The case involves liquidation fraud, where a company voluntary goes into liquidation to avoid its responsibilities. 8. Holders of preference share receive dividends at a fixed annual rate. 9. Memorandum of association governs the relationship between the company and the outside. 11 10. The articles of association form a part of the constitution of an organization and set out the rights and duties of directors and shareholders. ^ 1. Every PLC must have at least two stockholders, two directors and a high-ranked person whose responsibilities involve accounting and finance, administrative and legal matters. 2. The maximum amount of shares that the company can issue is set out by the memorandum of association. 3. Existing stockholders have the opportunity to buy newly issued shares in the first place. 4. A merger is the acquiring of the majority or the entirety of the stocks of the company which is aimed at. 5. A company’s state of health is reflected in the statement of the financial position of a company at a specific time. 6. If a shareholder is unable to attend the AGM, they can appoint a person to attend and vote at the meeting at their place. 7. The acquiring company is gaining control of another company by purchasing substantially all things that the target company owns. 8. He is a shareholder and receives fixed dividends irrespective of business’s profitability. 9. Although she is a partner and has a share in the business, she does not work in it. 10. About 1 000 employees have been fired as a result of a combination of two banks in which the assets and liabilities of the target bank were absorbed by the buying bank. ^ 12 1. business structure a. подлежать / подвергаться 2. ownership succession b. ответственность по долгам 3. transfer part of the business c. лицензионные сборы 4. jointly own d. прибыли и убытки 5. advantageous for small businesses e. вести дело 6. report on return f. оказывать влияние 7. corporate formalities g. начальные расходы 8. avoid double taxation h. выбор директоров 9. startup costs i. декларация по подоходному налогу 10. licensing fees j. соблюдать корпоративные формальности 11. be created for profit purposes k. декларация в информационных целях 12. profits and losses l. совместно владеть 13. ratifying the status m. организационно-правовая форма бизнеса 14. government regulation n. благоприятный для малого бизнеса 15. have an impact o. свидетельствовать о том, что 16. profits are taxed p. передавать часть бизнеса 17. liable for debts q. избежать двойного налогообложения 18. operate a business r. переход права собственности 19. holding annual meetings s. выпуск акций 20. managerial duties t. государственное регулирование 21. informational return u. прибыль подлежит налогообложению 22. corporate obligations v. формальности обязательные для 13 компании 23. observe corporate formalities w. административные обязанности / функции 24. issuing stocks x. неисполнение u1101 этого 25. provide evidence that y. создаваться с целью получения прибыли 26. failure to do so z. указывать в декларации 27. income tax return aa. проведение годовых собраний 28. elect directors bb. обязательства компании 29. be subject to cc. подтверждение статуса ^ Business Structures in the USA Many factors must be considered when choosing the best form of business structure. The choice you make оказывает влияние on multiple aspects of your business, включая налоги, ответственность, ownership succession, and others. Индивидуальное предпринимательство Sole proprietorship is a simple, informal structure, создающаяся без больших затрат. Владельцем обычно является a single person or a marital community. The owner operates the business, несет личную ответственность по долгам, can freely передавать весь или часть бизнеса, and can report прибыль и убыток on personal income tax return. Limited Liability Company (LLC) Обычно считается, что the LLC благоприятна для малого бизнеса because it combines ограниченную персональную ответственность корпорации with the tax advantages of a partnership и индивидуального предпринимателя. Прибыли и убытки can be passed through the company to its members или ООО может сделать выбор в пользу налогообложения like a corporation. ООО не имеют акций and are nor required to observe формальности, обязательные для 14 корпорации. Owners are called members и ООО управляется этими участниками or by appointed managers. Полное партнерство (товарищество) Partnerships are inexpensive to form; they require соглашение между двумя или более individuals or entities to jointly own and operate a business. Прибыль, убытки и managerial duties are shared among партнеров (товарищей), и каждый партнер (товарищ) несет личную ответственность for partnership debts. Partnerships do not pay taxes но должны подавать an informational return. Individual partners report their share прибыли и убытка on their personal return. C Corporation (Inc. or Ltd.) Это сложная организационно-правовая форма with more startup costs than many other forms. A corporation is a юридическое лицо, отделенное от своих владельцев, who own shares of stocks in the company. Corporations can be created с целью получения прибыли или без таковой and may be subject to increased licensing fees and государственному регулированию, чем другие структуры. Profits are taxed both на корпоративном уровне and again when distributed to shareholders. Акционеры не несет личной ответственности по обязательствам корпорации unless corporate formalities have not been observed. Эти формальности свидетельствуют о том, что корпорация является отдельным от своих акционеров юридическим лицом. Failure to do so may open the shareholders для ответственности по долгам корпорации. Corporate formalities include: - выпуск stock certificate - проведение годовых собраний - регистрация протоколов собраний - выбор директоров or ratifying the status of existing directors S Corporation (Inc. or Ltd) Корпорация, соответствующая подразделу C Кодекса США о внутренних доходах Корпорация, соответствующая подразделу S Кодекса США о внутренних доходах 15 This structure is identical to the C Corporation in many ways но позволяет избежать двойного налогообложения. It is taxed like a partnership, i.e. корпорация не облагается налогом but the income flows through to shareholders who report прибыль в своих индивидуальных декларациях. (From website The Money Alert URL: http://www.themoneyalert.com) 10. Complete the table with the information about the UK business structures a. formation personal confidential personally liable single individual formalities factors sole proprietorship formation few legal ________ raising capital ______________ responsibility of an owner management and control It’s headed by a _____________ who exercises management and control owner’s liability owner is ____________for obligations and liabilities of the business other advantages Advantage: - finances are ___________ - minimal cost of ___________ b. members registered with signed Partnership Agreement contributions loans general shared unlimited personal (x2) limited operation annual extraordinary accounting 16 factors general partnership limited partnership (LLP) formation needs to have at least two _________ - relationships between the partners are set out by the ________________ - must be _________the Registrar of Companies - Certificate of Limited Partnership must be ________ by all partners raising capital - partners’ capital ____________ - _________ to partnership management and control - depending on the Partnership Agreement management and control may be __________ or centralised - management and control are exercised only by__________ partners owner’s liability - partners’ _________ __________ liability for the obligations and liabilities of the partnership - __________ partners have no personal liability - general partners have __________ ____________ liability other advantages / disadvantages Advantage: - all terms of ________ are agreed between the partners only Advantage: - board meetings, minutes books, ________and __________ general meetings are not required Disadvantages: - ____________ requirements (submitting annual return, maintaining list of accounts, etc) 17 c. fee (no) personal liability (x2) extensive powers statute authorized share capital (x2) existing the public constitutional documents company secretary issuance factors Private Limited Company – Ltd Public Limited Company - PLC formation - filing __________ _____________ - filing statutory forms - payment of a registration ___________ capital Ltd: - no minimum _______________ requirements - capital is raised through issuance of shares to __________ members PLC: - minimum ________________ - capital is raised through _________of shares to existing members and / to _______________ management and control - a director, manager and / or ______________carry out day-to-day management and control 18 - board of director have _____________ owner’s liability Ltd: - generally ________ ______________ PLC: - no _____________ ________________ other advantages Although operation is regulated by____________, members can set out their own terms. ^ 1. ordinary share – preference share 2. Memorandum of Association – Articles of Association 3. Memorandum of Association – Articles of Incorporation 4. share capital – loan capital 5. annual general meeting – extraordinary general meeting 6. personal liability – limited liability 7. merger – consolidation 8. private limited company – public limited company 9. hostile takeover – friendly takeover 10. balance sheet – income statement ^ 1. company secretary 2. proxy 3. auditor 4. liquidator 5. managing director / CEO 6. board of directors 19 - one of the major duties is to maintain and implement corporate policy, as established by the board - answerable to shareholders for its decisions - the leader of the business, serves as the main link between the board of directors and the company's various parts or levels - responsible for keeping statutory record books - may appoint other managers - responsible for compliance with corporate legislation - duties include calling meetings - responsible for recording minutes of the meetings - has the ultimate decision-making authority - responsibilities include intellectual property rights - responsible for proper payment of dividend and interest payments - responsible for proper drafting and execution of agreements, contracts, and resolutions - is empowered to determine and pay the dividend - is empowered to issue additional shares - checks the accuracy of the financial records and accounting practices of a business - may also be the chairperson of the board - responsible for financial matters - oversees the sale of an insolvent firm's assets and the repayment of its debts - hires major executives - fires major executives - is held liable (under the doctrine of collective responsibility) for the consequences of the firm's policies, actions, and failures to act - supervises the affairs of a corporation - elected by the stockholders - votes on behalf of the principal - is empowered to adopt bylaws 20 - establishes general policies for the business - top executive responsible for a company's overall operations and performance ^ corporate existence registered office objects limited bylaws (x2) to issue par value income applied winding up liabilities Board of Directors (x2) 1. The Company’s _____________________is to be situated in England and Wales. 2. The ____________ for which the Company is established are as follows. 3. The liability of the Members is __________________ . 4. The number of directors of the corporation shall be 9 (nine) which number may be increased or decreased pursuant to the ___________of the corporation. 5. The corporation has authority ______________1000 shares at $100______________ per share. 6. The _______________ and property of the Company shall be ____________ solely towards the promotion of its objects as set forth in this Memorandum of Association. 7. If upon the ______________ or dissolution of the Company there remains, after the satisfaction of all its debts and __________________, any property whatsoever, the same shall not be paid to or distributed among the members of the Company. 8. The duration of the _________________shall be perpetual. 9. The management of the affairs of the corporation shall be vested in a___________________________, as defined in the corporation's _____________. 10. The number of Directors constituting the first _____________ is 9 (Nine), their names and addresses being as follows. 21 ^ authorized amended the Board (x2) proposed registered profit and loss sheet the Auditors holders proxy (x2) Registered Office notice in writing general meeting Executive Director general meeting 1. The _______________Share Capital of the Company is 100,000. 2. A _________________ of the Company may be called by giving not less than twenty-one days’ clear ___________________________, specifying the place, day and time of the meeting with a statement of business to be transacted thereat. 3. Subject to the approval of the President and subject to the provisions of the Act, _______________ may, from time to time, with the sanction of the Company in a_______________, increase the share capital by such sum to be divided into shares of such amount as the resolution shall prescribe. 4. Shares may be ________________in the name of any person, company or other body corporate. Not more than four persons can be registered as joint ___________of any share. 5. The ordinary business of an annual general meeting shall be to receive and consider the _________________ account, the balance __________and the report of the Board of Directors and_____________, and to declare dividends. 6. A member entitled to attend, and vote at a meeting may appoint another person, whether a member or not, as his _______________to attend a meeting and vote. 7. The books of accounts shall be kept at the ________________of the Company. 8. Each director shall have one vote and such voting may not be done by ____________________ . 9. The _______________may execute on behalf of the Company, and when required, upon approval and at the direction of________________, all contracts, agreements, membership certificates and other instruments. 10. These bylaws may be ______________at any regular meeting, a quorum being present, by a two-thirds vote of all members present, provided that notice of such 22 ____________amendment shall have been mailed to each member at least ten (10) days before such meeting. ^ the name of the corporation lawful activities permitted under the laws of the Russian Federation shall be personally liable for the debts or obligations of this corporation of any nature incidental or ancillary any business which the Company is authorised to carry on general management control over all of the property, affairs and funds of the Corporation shall exercise all of the powers of the Corporation except as otherwise provided by law shall include entering into agreements and contracts for carrying out all or any of the objects of the Company unless otherwise voted by the Board of Directors general supervision and control of the business may remove any officer 23 entire number of Directors then in office a meeting of the Board of Directors called for that purpose to keep membership records record attendance at meetings send out notices record and preserve the minutes due notice of any changes shall constitute a quorum a majority of the directors may resign at any time by giving written notice fiscal year instrument appointing a proxy apply for shares upon the terms and conditions creation of new shares original capital shall be subject to the provisions herein contained declare a dividend to be paid to shall in no case exceed are desirous of being formed into a Company ^ from: the Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws. 1. The name of the corporation shall be Intelligent Software. 24 2. This corporation may engage in or transact any and all lawful activities or business permitted under the laws of the Russian Federation. 3. No officer, or Director of this corporation shall be personally liable for the debts or obligations of this corporation of any nature whatsoever, nor shall any of the property of the officer, or Directors be subject to the payment of the debts or obligations of this corporation. 4. Objects incidental or ancillary to attainment of the main objects shall include acquiring, possessing and undertaking the whole or any part of the business, assets, property, goodwill, rights and liabilities of any person, firm, society, association, corporation or company carrying on any business which the Company is authorised to carry on. 5. The Board of Directors shall have general management and control over all of the property, affairs and funds of the Corporation and shall exercise all of the powers of the Corporation, except as otherwise provided by law, the Articles of Organization or the By-Laws. 6. The Corporation may have a seal in such form as the Directors may determine from time to time. 7. Objects incidental or ancillary to attainment of the main objects shall include entering into agreements and contracts with foreign individuals, companies, governments or other organisations for purchase of equipments or services and for technical, financial or any other assistance, for carrying out all or any of the objects of the Company. 8. The President shall be the chief operating officer and, unless otherwise voted by the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer of the Corporation. The President shall have, subject to oversight by the Directors, general supervision and control of the business of the Corporation. 9. The Board of Directors may remove any officer with or without cause by a vote of a majority of the entire number of Directors then in office, at a meeting of the Board of Directors called for that purpose. 25 10. It shall be the duty of the secretary to keep membership records; record attendance at meetings; send out notices of the Company, board, and committee meetings; record and preserve the minutes of such meetings. 11. Due notice of any changes in or canceling of the regular meeting shall be given to all members of the club. 12. One-third of the membership shall constitute a quorum at the annual and regular meetings of this Company. 13. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum of the board. 14. Any director may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Board or the Executive Director. 15. The fiscal year of the Company shall begin on January 1 and end on December 31 of the same year. 16. The instrument appointing a proxy shall be deposited at the Registered Office of the Company not less than forty-eight hours before the time fixed for holding the meeting. 17. The shares shall be under the control of the Board of Directors, who may allot or dispose of the same, or any of them, to such persons who apply for it in writing, upon such terms and conditions and at such times, as the Board may think fit. 18. Any capital raised by the creation of new shares shall be considered part of the original capital and shall be subject to the provisions herein contained. 19. The Company in general meeting may declare a dividend to be paid to the members according to their respective rights but the dividend declared shall in no case exceed the dividend amount recommended by the Board. 20. We the several persons whose names and addresses are subscribed are desirous of being formed into a Company in pursuance of the Memorandum of Company. ^ учредительные документы юридического лица 26 наименование юридического лица управление деятельностью юридического лица учредитель (участник) юридического лица не отвечать по обязательствам юридического лица вправе заниматься предпринимательской деятельностью с момента государственной регистрации в качестве индивидуального предпринимателя удовлетворить требования кредиторов признан несостоятельным по решению суда при слиянии юридических лиц права и обязанности переходят к юридическому лицу уставный капитал разделен на доли изменение устава общества изменение размера уставного капитала распределение прибылей и убытков в пределах стоимости высший орган управления акционерным обществом избрание членов совета директоров 27 решение о реорганизации и ликвидации общества составляется из номинальной стоимости акций ^ 1. В учредительных документах юридического лица должны определяться наименование юридического лица, место его нахождение, порядок управления деятельностью юридического лица, а также содержаться другие сведения, предусмотренные законом для юридических лиц соответствующего вида. (Ст. 52) 2. Учредитель (участник) юридического лица или собственник его имущества не отвечают по обязательствам юридического лица, а юридическое лицо не отвечает по обязательствам учредителя (участника) или собственника … (Ст. 56) 3. Гражданин вправе заниматься предпринимательской деятельностью без образования юридического лица с момента государственной регистрации в качестве индивидуального предпринимателя. (Ст. 23) 4. Индивидуальный предприниматель, который не в состоянии удовлетворить требования кредиторов, связанные с осуществлением им предпринимательской деятельности, может быть признан несостоятельным (банкротом) по решению суда. (Ст. 25) 5. При слиянии юридических лиц права и обязанности каждого из них переходят к вновь возникшему юридическому лицу … (Ст. 58 п. 1) 6. При присоединении юридического лица к другому юридическому лицу к последнему переходят права и обязанности присоединенного юридического лица … (Ст. 58 п. 2) 7. Обществом с ограниченной ответственностью признается общество, уставный капитал которого разделен на доли; участники общества с 28 ограниченной ответственностью не отвечают по его обязательствам …(Ст. 87) 8. К компетенции общего собрания участников общества с ограниченной ответственностью относятся: 1) изменение устава общества, изменение размера его уставного капитала; … 3) утверждение годовых отчетов и бухгалтерских балансов общества и распределение его прибылей и убытков; 4) решение о реорганизации или ликвидации общества (Ст. 91) 9. Акционерным обществом признается общество, уставный капитал которого разделен на определенное число акций; участники акционерного общества (акционеры) не отвечают по его обязательствам и несут риск убытков, связанных с деятельностью общества, в пределах стоимости принадлежащих им акций. (Ст. 96) 10. Высшим органом управления акционерным обществом является общее собрание его акционеров. (Ст. 103 п. 1) 11. К исключительной компетенции общего собрания акционеров относятся: 1) изменение устава общества, в том числе изменение размера его уставного капитала; 2) избрание членов совета директоров… … 4) утверждение годовых отчетов, бухгалтерских балансов, счетов прибылей и убытков общества и распределение его прибылей и убытков; 5) решение о реорганизации и ликвидации общества. (Ст. 103 п. 1) 12. Уставный капитал акционерного общества составляется из номинальной стоимости акций общества, приобретенных акционерами. (Ст. 99) 29 ^ acceptance акцепт qualified acceptance / conditional acceptance акцепт с оговорками / условный акцепт appendix (pl. appendices) / annex приложение assignment цессия / передача прав assignor цедент assignee цессионарий award damages назначать возмещение ущерба beneficiary contract договор в пользу третьего лица binding contract юридически обязательный договор non-binding contract необязывающий договор breach of a contract нарушение договора breaching party = defaulting party = default party сторона, нарушавшая условия договора 30 non-breaching party = innocent party сторона, не нарушавшая условия договора cancel a contract = rescind a contract аннулировать договор capacity to contract правоспособность заключать договор carry out / execute a contract / perform a contract выполнять условия договора claim to / for remuneration подавать иск о компенсации conclude / sign a contract заключить, подписать договор confer a right давать право contract by deed договор за печатью contracting parties = parties to a contract стороны договора contractual relations договорные отношения consequential damages возмещение косвенных убытков / ущерба consideration встречное удовлетворение / предоставление contractual obligations договорные обязательства counter offer встречное предложение create legal relations создать правовые отношения damages возмещение убытков / ущерба defective performance ненадлежащее выполнение / исполнение delegation of duties передача / делегирование обязательств draw up a contract / draft a contract составлять договор enforceable contract договор, имеющий исковую силу enter into contract вступить в договорные отношения essential terms основные условия 31 express terms прямо выраженные условия implied terms подразумеваемые условия expectation damages = benefit of the bargain damages компенсация упущенной выгоды foreseeability предвидимость general damages = actual damages компенсация за убытки, являющиеся прямым следствием определенной ситуации incidental beneficiary побочный бенефициар injured party = aggrieved party потерпевшая сторона intended beneficiary задуманный бенефициар intention намерение interpretation толкование invitation to treat «приглашение к переговорам» legal grounds законные основания mitigate damages уменьшать ущерб / вред, тем самым уменьшая размер компенсации negotiate a contract обсуждать договор novation перевод долга, цессия прав по обязательству obligee лицо, в отношении которого приняты обязательства obligor лицо, принявшее обязательство offer оферта, предложение offeror = offerer лицо, делающее предложение / оферент offeree лицо, которому делается предложение / адресат оферты |
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