Учебное пособие по юридическому английскому: лексический аспект
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| part / partial performance частичное исполнение договора 32 pecuniary compensation денежная компенсация / возмещение убытков penalty неустойка / штраф perform a condition выполнить условия perform a contract выполнять договор performance исполнение договора privity of contract частный характер договорной связи promisee кредитор по договору promisor должник по договору punitive = exemplary damages штрафные убытки / штрафная компенсация rejection of the offer отказ от предложения reliance damages компенсация расходов, понесенных в надежде на исполнение договора remedy = relief средство судебной защиты repudiate the contract расторгнуть договор restitution реституция, возмещение убытков set the contract aside приостанавливать действие договора severability clause самостоятельность положений договора (оговорка о действительности договора в случае недействительности отдельных частей (несущественных условий)) sign a contract подписать договор special damages возмещение убытков, определяемых особыми обстоятельствами дела specific performance исполнение в натуре / реальное исполнение subject matter предмет договора 33 subject matter предмет договора substantial performance исполнение всех существенных условий договора successors наследники / правопреемники sue for damages подавать иск о возмещении убытков / ущерба survival clause пункт договора о сохранение юридической силы договора terminate the contract расторгнуть договор time of the essence clause пункт договора о том, что время исполнения является существенным условием договора unenforceable contract не имеющий исковой силы договор the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Contract (Vienna Convention of 1980) Конвенция ООН о договорах международной купли-продажи товаров (Венская конвенция 1980 г.) unqualified agreement безоговорочное принятие / акцепт vest rights in a person наделять правами violate a contract нарушать договор void contract ничтожный договор voidable contract оспоримый договор warranty простое условие 1. Match the definitions on the left with the words on the right. 1. implied terms a. monetary compensation for loss awarded by a court 2. remedy b. the act of transferring a right / rights to another party 3. breach of a contract c. deny the existence of the contract 34 and refuse to perform the duty or obligation under the contract 4. specific performance d. a contract which contradicts public policy at common law 5. damages e. any breach of this term gives a nonbreaching party the right to terminate the contract 6. non-breaching party f. a party which suffers some damage in the result of a breach 7. breaching party g. a party which fails to perform some obligations under the contract 8. warranties h. a relief which is intended to compensate the injured party for any damage they sustained 9. repudiate the contract i. a court order which requires a person to perform a specified obligation under the contract 10. assignment j. terms of a contract that, in case of a breach, do not allow to terminate the contract but sue for damages 11. express terms k. terms which are not set out directly in the contract and result from custom, statute and common law 12. unenforceable contract l. terms which are stipulated directly in the contract 13. acceptance m. a contract which is capable of being set aside 14. void contract n. a failure to perform contractual obligations 35 15. voidable contract o. an act to agree to the terms of a contract and form an enforceable contract 16. essential terms p. release parties from contractual obligations 17. terminate a contract q. a valid contract which cannot be enforceable by court ^ A. 1. Oral contract may be flercnbeaoe in some circumstances. 2. The contract is danlivi because the company has been taken over. 3. The service contract is still being ddtaefr but we hope to gnis it next Monday. 4. Your son had no alegl pycaiatc to enter into contract so the contract is ivdo. 5. You can’t turn to nsgaienmst without their prior written consent. 6. There is a eacbrh of contract when a party to a contract fails to carry out its giltiaonbos under the contract. 7. The type of feirel depends on the type of breach and the applicable law. 8. Is a iondoncit an tseeansil term of a contract? 9. What’s a tubsecj atrtme of the contract? 10. The contract has two paeniepcds. B. 1. The court dadewra eaeinclr damages to the claimant. 2. My solicitor advised me to seek socnqluetenia damages in court. 3. The parties to the contract must give their prior consent for nnoiatvo. 4. Consequential damages are awarded considering the principle of yoereiseatbfil. 36 5. ituiqlddae gdaemsa are set out in the contract when the amount of loss caused by the breach will be difficult to calculate. 6. If there is a vcefideet performance, the cnnneiot party can deapeurit the contract. 7. You cannot taereitnm the contract if the ynarwatr is breached. 8. To underline that the time of performance is a condition, the time of the secesen clause must be stipulated in the contract. 9. The rslivuav clause sets out that the parties to the contract wish to continue duties and obligations after the termination of the contract. 10. Contract disputes involve nttrpnireeoati and implied terms. ^ box, and the second part taken from the second box. voidable … enter into … special… defective … delegate … draw up … substantial … set the contract … specific … partial ... legal … essential … innocent … … (a) contract (x3) … performance (x4) …terms … duties … grounds … aside … damages … party 1. Our advisor informed us that we have no ______________________ to terminate the contract. 2. Under the contract a party cannot _______________________ to the third party without prior written consent of the other party. 37 3. _________________ is a contract with some defect in its formation. If so, either party can use the defect to __________________________ . 4. If all the terms of the contract are entirely carried out, we can talk about _________________________ . 5. If their company accepts ________________, they can claim for remuneration. 6. It is a solicitor who ______________________ and other official documents. 7. In case of _________________ we can terminate the contract and sue for _____________________ . 8. Mentally disabled people cannot ____________________ . 9. We are going to try to get a court to award __________________ to make them perform what we have agreed upon. 10. Breach of _________________ can result in rescinding the contract. If so, _______________ can sue for damages. ^ A. 1. Breach of warranty does not give legal capacity / legal grounds to terminate the contract. 2. A contract is void / voidable even if one of the parties has no legal capacity to consent to a contract. 3. Specific performance / Substantial performance presupposes an entire performance of all terms. 4. A non-breaching party can be awarded / can be sued for damages. 5. Unqualified agreement / Qualified acceptance means that an offeree accepts subject matter but without any variations. 6. Express terms / Implied terms are set out by custom, statute or by common law. 38 7. A breach of a condition / a warranty does not allow an innocent party to repudiate a contract. 8. A contract by deed / A simple contract does not require consideration. 9. Under assignment clause contractual rights are referred to the third party which is known as an assignee / an assignor with prior written consent. 10. The party can use the defect in the contract to set it aside / carry it out. B. 1. Reliance damages / Liquidated Damages are a fixed amount of damages in case of a breach stated in the contract. 2. Survival clause / Severability sets out that even if some provisions of a contract are invalid or unenforceable, the rest of the agreement can continue to have effect. 3. Incidental beneficiary / Intended beneficiary gets a benefit although not specifically named in the contract. 4. The rights cannot be assigned / delegated without a prior written consent of all parties to the contract. 5. The injured party must mitigate damages / recover damages - make all reasonable efforts to lessen the losses. 6. Under the contract a wide range of duties is conferred / is imposed. 7. Pecuniary compensation / Non-monetary relief includes injunction and mandatory orders. 8. Under assignment / novation one of the initial parties to the contract disappears. 9. While awarding special damages / general damages the court applies the rule of foreseeability. 10. Penalty provision / The provision on stipulated damages is set out in the contract to compensate for losses resulting from a breach. ^ 39 1. A breached party can seek remedy in court. 2. Defecting performance may involve breaching Terms of Payment. 3. Integrated clause means that there are no conditions, warranties and terms between the parties other than those set out in the contract. 4. The function of examplary damages is twofold: punishing and preventive. 5. Expecting damages are also called ‘benefit of the bargain’ damages. 6. A contract by deed is binding on contracted parties. 7. Capability to contract means the legal competence of a person to enter into contractual relations. 8. Non-monetary relieve is awarded by a court ordering a party to do something or refrain from doing something. 9. The doctrine of foreseeing is used to limit the award of special damages to those which are the predictable consequences of a breach of contract. 10. An expressive contract is a contract which terms are explicitly set out. ^ 1. Liquidated damages are contractual provisions which state a fixed amount necessary to compensate a non-breaching party in case of a breach. 2. The purpose of a merger clause is designed to ensure that prior or oral warranties, terms or conditions between the parties to the contract cannot vary the written provisions of the contract because all such agreements have been stipulated in the contract. 3. A breach of a condition can lead to terminating a contract. 4. Conditional acceptance results in counter offer. 5. In some cases court may grant specific performance for partial performance of a contract. 6. Breaching Party means a party that fails to carry out obligations under the contract. 40 7. A non-breaching party can seek an appropriate remedy in court against a defaulting party. 8. General damages are immediate and direct result of the breach of contract. 9. Expectation damages are awarded to a non-breaching party only in case if those damages can be calculated with reasonable certainty. ^ 1. – Our attorney says that if our contract has been performed only in some parts we can’t end it. - Oh, what a shame! I thought under the law you have all reasons to deny it. 2. – How old is your son? - 14. - Do you know that a minor has no legal rights to conclude a contract by himself? Otherwise, the contract has no legal force. 3. – Have you negotiated all points yet? - Yes, we have. But they said that they want to change some of them. 4. – Any of the parties which conclude a contract can sue for damages in case of a breach. - I hear that you can even fix these damages in the contract before any breach. 5. – I’ve missed the lecture on Introduction to Contract Law. Could you go through it with me. - No problem. It was just clarifying the basic element of every contract/ They are offer, acceptance, intention and the last one, ^ something of value given by both parties in exchange … for some promise, for example. - Ok. Got that. - The professor went on to talk about terms of a contract. There are express terms which are set out directly in the contract, and the terms which are presupposed by custom, statute and common law. 6. – Have you consulted at a law clinic. What did they say? 41 - Good news. They say that you cannot be forced to perform the contract because of lapse of time. 7. – I’m going to sue for damages. - Why? What’s happened? Haven’t they carried out the contract? - They have. But their performance does not fully satisfy all requirements of the contract. 8. Complete the table with the appropriate parts of speech. Translate them. A. verb noun noun (person) adjective acceptance perform offer contractor binding consider --------- force / enforcement terminated breach -------- ^ verb noun noun (person) adjective promise obligee --------- intended assign restitution foresee relief 42 delegated confide severability ---------- punish ---------- rely ---------- 9. A. Complete the table using the words and expressions which collocate with the nouns contract, party, performance and terms. Translate the collocations. |
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